Manufacturing mirror news resource for the manufacturing. The low results show spherical aberration of less than 0. Often, the coating process can degrade the results. Interferogram of a primary mirror with a central obscuration. Automated checks enable businesses to collect data much more quickly and are easier for regulatory agencies like the fda to audit. This process gives the mirror the ability to focus as well as reflect light. Enjoy a very satisfying clip of machines forming, analyzing and testing a glass bottle. Properties of glass property unique characteristics of glass chemical glass is highly resistant to chemical attack, and many chemicals and foodsbeverages can be stored for decades without corrosion of the glass. Bifanoc aelectrical and computer engineering, boston university, ma 02215 bb oston micromachines corporation, watertown, ma 02472 cmanufacturing engineering, boston university, ma 02215 abstract.
Silveringthe process of coating the back of a glass sheet with melted silverbecame the most popular method for making mirrors in the 1600s. This improved manufacturing process also improves the optical quality of the product and significantly increases its longevity through a better resistance to. Artificial marble manufacturing process artificial quartz stone producing machinecuarzo artificial duration. The details of manufacturing the mirror plates, the coating process and the robotic stacking can be found elsewhere 4, 5, 6, this paper concentrates on presenting the currently achieved optical performances, the environmental qualification status. This process shows that there is a never ending cycle of waste.
Noval aluminium mirror can be customized by sandblasting. Sst dualmirror telescope for cherenkov telescope array. Any flaws that develop as a result of the manufacturing or handling process are inspected using the glass industry standards astm c1036 for. If the mirror is for an automobile, for example, the glass will be cut out to fit in the mirror mount on the car. Glass manufacturing industry iii melting, the combination of the individual raw materials at high temperature to form a molten glass, is the central phase in the production of glass. Container glass and pressed and blown glass, 51 and 25 percent respectively of total sodalime glass production, use pressing, blowing or pressing and blowing to form the desired product. Glass is a substance that has certain properties, primarily fragility and stiffness, which makes it similar to solids, but a disordered structure gives it a liquid qualification. Introduction to buffing buffing is the process used to shine metal, wood, or composites using a cloth wheel impregnated with cutting compounds or rouges. Annealing float glass is the process of controlled cooling to prevent residual stress in the glass and is an inherent operation of the float glass manufacturing process. Specialist news provider covering the latest news in the manufacturing world.
Design and development of a freeform active mirror for an astronomy application zalpha challita,a, tibor agocs,b emmanuel hugot,a attila jasko,c gabby kroes,b william taylor, dchris miller, hermine schnetler,d lars venema,e laszlo mosoni,c david le mignant,a marc ferrari, aand jeangabriel cuby. Six sigma in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Preliminary information on manufacturing, processing. The vacuum port at the bottom side of the picker is a hole with a diameter of 1 mm. The manufacturing process is simple and straightforward and makes use of standard milling, turning and drilling. Mirror making mirror manufacturing process and mirror. How innovation in glass manufacturing is turning green even greener. Basis and presumptions 1 the unit will work on a single shift basis for 300 working days in a year. Application of mirror manufacturing and its appropriate metrology at carl zeiss laser optics shall be illustrated by recent examples. Design and development of a freeform active mirror for an. This online newspaper also displays international and national headlines. This process was invented by sir alistair pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular and widely used process that describes how to make glass for architectural purposes in the world today.
Automotive glass market size, share industry report, 2027. An indepth knowledge of the laminating glass process fundamentals combined with the legen dary knowhow of the professionals should mini mize or better eliminate industry wide problems and assess definitively the credibility of these products. Optical manufacturing lightweight, bubblefree cast mirrors have no printthrough shane santi the history of lightweight mirrors is based almost exclusively on designs using simple, repeating geometry with very few degrees of freedom. The melting process is a complex combination of chemical reactions and physical processes, and melting can be divided into. You have a huge variety of products to experience with such as china mirror glass listed above and its similar choices. Although some mirror manufacturers cut their own glass, others receive glass that has already been cut into blanks. This kind of mirror is used for furniture, doors, glass walls, commercial shelves, or public areas. Today, mirrors are used for personal grooming, and decorative and architecture purposes. A safety glass mirror is made by adhering a special protective film to the back surface of a silver glass mirror, which prevents injuries in case the mirror is broken. The primary mirror proved to be the best candidate for. First, we show the design and manufacturing process in detail. The industry refers to polishing as the process, which uses abrasive belt finishing. Process and application development compared to other wellknown manufacturing processes like casting or milling, dmls technology has a highly innovative character, which leads to a range of new intrinsic process phenomena.
Carl zeiss laser optics gmbh, 73446 oberkochen, germany. Parabolic reflectors parabolic reflector diagram an electroformed parabolic reflector is a parabolashaped reflective surface used to collect and direct wave energy such as light. Bmw smartstate chaired professor of automotive manufacturing 2016, mears. This cleaning operation is currently performed by removing the mirror from the patients mouth, taking a cloth material, wiping the mirror clean, and then resituating the mirror in the working area within the patients mouth.
The global automotive glass market size was valued at usd 30. Techniques for the manufacturing of stiff and lightweight optical. The following various operation are involved in the process of manufacturing of mirrors. The most appropriate materials for making metallic coatings are silver, gold, and chrome. The glass production source category consists of facilities that manufacture glass including flat, container, or pressed and blown glass or wool fiberglass using one or more continuous glass melting furnaces.
The polisher consists of rotating pads which are surfaced with an abrasive substance. For example, new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries. Ac 20154 chg 1 81215 7 standard parts has come to be understood by the aviation and manufacturing public as meaning a part, the specification for which has been published by. Manufacturing mirror news resource for the manufacturing industry. New market trends in solar power industry point precisely towards heightened sophistication of products and are a source of inspiration to us in utilizing innovative solutions in glass manufacturing process. Building quality in the manufacturing process is a key goal within lean six sigma and enables the industry to successfully integrate the it infrastructure. Best practices in the manufacturing process of mems. Mirrors are made by applying a reflective coating to a glass sheets.
Six sigma in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry pharma. In these cases, we must consider such effects in our calculations. Because glass is a poor reflector, it must be coated in order to make a mirror. How innovation in glass manufacturing is turning green. Reenvisioning the manufacturing process clemson university. Pdf production of silicon mirror plates researchgate. To maintain a record of the resulting byproducts, coproducts and scrap, you can define the percentage of these items produced during the production process as well.
The information contained in this document is current as of the date of publication and subject to change. Optical manufacturing lightweight, bubblefree cast. This silvering process was adapted for mass manufacturing and led to the greater availability of. Jul 17, 2017 the process of making mirrors is simple. Visit our channel and see a new and even more satisfying video of this manufacturing process, with a lot of. Even if the sstgate is a prototype for small size telescopes of the cta array, the primary mirror of the telescope is 4 meters diameter, and it has to be segmented. Conventional lightweight mirrors put far more complexity and engineering into the mirror. Mirror inspection and quality control standards human civilization started manufacturing mirrors 8,000 years ago in anatolia modernday turkey.
In classical antiquity, solid metal bronze, later silver was used to produce mirrors. With the earth reaching its capacity in providing for overpopulation and their energy demands, there needs to be a change in the process of manufacturing this product. Feb 14, 2014 saintgobain glass presents manufacturing process of ecofriendly mirror sgg miralite pure. Wafer preparation wafer is polished to be almost mirror like final chemical process removes polishing materials wafers packaged in ultra. Mirror manufacturing process the new century has recorded phenomenal growth in the demand and application of renewable sources of energy for power production. Nov 15, 20 by implementing traditional six sigma and lean manufacturing, many pharmaceutical companies are able to reduce waste and bring about effective change within the manufacturing process. Three basic types of machines are involved in the fabrication process. In the production process of curved car mirrors, mirrors with reflected distortion defects result from the unstable temperature changes of ovens and inappropriate control of overflow fusion process.
There are many types of glass mirrors, each representing a different manufacturing process and reflection type. Tousey a tablet with good characteristics is not made on a tablet press. When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. The glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production. Annealed glass can be cut, machined, drilled, edged and polished. Rms, achieved using our advanced tools and equipment. Rough surfaces result from surface topography due to the conformal multilayer thin film manufacturing process. Instead of having to rely on end process testing, six sigma is enabling companies to predict and eradicate errors and therefore give a much needed boost to. The process of making glass bottles in recent decades, the scientific and technological revolution in all fields has led to enormous changes in the science of glass and glassmaking technology.
Mar 14, 2011 mirrors and glass mirror manufacturing process. Xray mirrors, active optics, thin glass mirrors, piezoelectric actuators. The nozzle for picking up a 4 x 5 microphone is commonly a steel picker with a cylinder shape respecting the safe area indicated in figure 4. Increasing emphasis on lightweight cars on account of rising harmful emissions from vehicles that have an adverse effect on the environment drives the glass penetration in the automotive industry.
Automated distortion defect inspection of curved car. Fundamentals of laminating process and quality requirements dr. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Manufacture of mirror glass substrates for the nustar mission.
Challita et al design and development of a freeform active mirror for an astronomy application. Because tally must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of tally, and tally cannot. Fundamentals of laminating process and quality requirements. Experimental furnaces and research and development process units are excluded. The kind of coating to be used is specified by the mirror design. Designing and optimizing sideview mirrors masters thesis in automotive engineering martin olsson departmentofappliedmechanics division of vehicle engineering and autonomous systems. As civilizations discovered methods of producing metal alloys and blowing glass, mirror production continued to revolutionize into the modern glass mirror. The glass float glass as we know is manufactured by the ppg process. Mirror semiconductor mqfn preplated nipdau open air. Durability and reflectivity are the most important characteristics in the choice of the coating. Glass and its layers are used for thermal, acoustic and electrical insulation. Apr 23, 2014 mirror inspection and quality control standards human civilization started manufacturing mirrors 8,000 years ago in anatolia modernday turkey. The products of this industry are flat glass, container glass, and pressed and blown glass.
Optical coatings optiforms offtheshelf parabolic reflectors need a custom parabolic. The creation of mirrors begins with a single sheet of clear glass, commonly referred to as a. A water and air design cleans the mirror with the use of air and water flowing from a dispenser that can be clipped onto the handle of the mirror. By closely monitoring the dmls building process, the effects of changing different parameter settings can be observed. Glass manufacturing process and air pollutants quartz sand soda ash limestone others cullet tank furnace pot furnace manual forming annealing tempering furnace decorating bending furnace laminating process firing oven glasses for car sheet glass bottle, container fluorescent tube others optical glass flit heavy oil heavy oil s o x, n o x. They are usually disposed of only when they get outdated or damaged. The cloth buff holds or carries the compound, while the compound does the cutting.
Best practices in the manufacturing process of mems microphones introduction this application note serves as a reference concerning best practices in the manufacturing process of mems microphones. Design and development of a freeform active mirror. A mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident light in some range of. Manufacturing and testing a thin glass mirror shell with. An aluminium glass mirror is made of a float glass manufactured using vacuum coating, i. Hard stones like marble and granite can be polished all the way to a mirror finish. Cnc has cut production time down to a single afternoon for a. Epa preliminary information on manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, and disposal. Manufacturing of an optical quality mirror system for adaptive optics julie a. The mirror assemblies use a segmented design to simplify the construction process, as such they require 4,680 mirror substrates coated with appropriately. The new manufacturing process is more environmently friendly at it excludes the use of copper and lead. The manufacturing process cutting and shaping the glass 1 the first step in manufacturing any mirror is cutting the outline of the glass blank to suit the application.
Process flows and bulk micromachining picture credit. Chapter 6 presents information on emerging techniques as defined in article 314 of the. Best practices in the manufacturing process of mems microphones. Silver mirror,copper free silver mirror,silver coating. Collimates a light source or focuses a collimated beam parabolic profile eliminates spherical aberration surface enhancements. These products have undergone thorough quality and reliability testing as st manufacturing processes have been carefully studied and. It is very important that the glass is polished to perfection as any dip, well or impurity left on it would cause waves in the mirror, which would. This is a chemistry video for grade 1011 students that elaborates the process of glass making in glass industry. Optical manufacturing lightweight, bubblefree cast mirrors. The procedures for manufacturing glass are the same for all products except forming and finishing.
Initial cleanliness of the glass surface is an essential factor in the process. How mirror is made material, manufacture, making, history, used. An important part of the manufacturing process is the quality control of mirrors. It involves coating a glass sheet which needs to be cut in the requisite shape prior to coating with silver or aluminum with the help of a chemical process. The romans engaged in glass fabrication for manufacturing mirrors in the first century ad in which lead was employed as the reflective coating. Today, the mirror substrate is first shaped, then polished and cleaned, and finally covered. Due to the dual mirror configuration, the alignment is a complex task that needs a well defined and precise process that will be discussed in this paper. We provide examples of process innovations that have directly impacted the cost per mirror plate and have reduced the manufacturing cost of a mirror module. The largest facility can process mirrors of up to 3 m diameter, or large structures up to 3 m in diameter and 4 m long fig.
Noval aluminum mirror is created by splashing an aluminum layer onto the glass, which is then treated, processed by one or more layers of highly resistant protective paint. Institution of mechanical engineers uk thatcher brothers prize, awarded for the best paper on a manufacturing industries subject 2016, yujie. And this is basically the principle on which the float glass manufacturing process is based. This dispenser would utilize a second water and air line in addition to the hand piece water and air line used by the hygienist during dental procedures. Manufacturing process of ecofriendly mirror sgg miralite pure. Manufacturing process of a glass bottle machines and. How mirror is made material, manufacture, making, history. Page 1 of 15 february 2017 office of chemical safety and pollution prevention u. China mirror glass, mirror glass manufacturers, suppliers. Preface ii manufacture of glass chapter 5 presents the bat conclusions as defined in article 312 of the directive. Although some mirror manufacturers cut their own glass, others. Pdf on may 1, 2010, canestrari rodolfo and others published replica process for mirror manufacturing.
Its unique manufacturing process enables one to realise. Erp 9 enter the name of other components that will be used in the production process. Glass is a major mirror component due to its transparency, ease to fabrication, rigidity, hardness. Jul 07, 2014 thanks to a proven longtime silvering process, mirrors are very durable and have an extended useful life. This informational bulletin will address the environmentallyconscious aspects of the mirror manufacturing process, as well as the reusability and recyclability of old. The process of making glass bottles lighter thus reducing the energy required to produce and transport them. The new century has recorded phenomenal growth in the demand and application of renewable sources of energy for power production.
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